Universal Carrier
| Universal Carrier | |
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_9-08-2008_14-53-48_(2).JPG) Universal Carrier as mortar carrier |
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| Type | Armoured personnel carrier |
| Place of origin |  United Kingdom |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 3.75 t |
| Length | 12 ft (3.65 m) |
| Width | 6 ft 4 inch (1.92 m) |
| Height | 5 ft 2 inch (1.57 m) |
| Crew | 2 |
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| Armour | 7–10 mm |
| Primary armament |
commonly 0.303 Bren light machine gun or (0.55 in) Rifle, Anti-Tank, .55 in, Boys. American M1919 and M2 machine guns also possible. |
| Engine | Ford V-8 petrol[1] 85 hp at 3,500 rpm[1] |
| Suspension | Horstmann |
| Operational range |
150 miles (250 km)[1] |
| Speed | 30 mph (48 km/h)[1] |
The Universal Carrier, also known as the Bren Gun Carrier is a common name describing a family of light armoured tracked vehicles built by Vickers-Armstrong. Produced between 1934 and 1960, the vehicle was used widely by Allied forces during the Second World War. Universal Carriers were usually used for transporting personnel and equipment, mostly support weapons, or as machine gun platforms. With some 113,000 built in the United Kingdom and abroad, it was the most numerous armoured fighting vehicle in history.
Contents |
Design and development
The origins of the Universal Carrier family can be traced back generally to the Carden Loyd tankettes family which was developed in the 1920s, and specifically the Mk VI tankette.[2]
The carrier put the driver and commander at the front sitting side-by-side; the driver to the right. The engine was in the centre of the vehicle with the final drive at the rear. The suspension was a mixture of the Vickers light tanks' and Horstmann springs[3] Directional control was through a (vertical) steering wheel. Small turns moved the front road wheel assembly warping the track so the vehicle drifted to that side. Further movement of the wheel braked the appropriate track to give a turn.
The hull in front of the commander's position jutted forward to give room for the Bren gun (or other armament) to fire through a simple slit. To either side of the engine were two areas in which passengers could ride or stores be carried.
Initially, there were several different types of Carrier that varied slightly in design according to their purpose: "Medium Machine Gun Carrier" (the Vickers machine gun), "Bren Gun Carrier", "Scout Carrier" and "Cavalry Carrier". Production of a single model would be preferred and the Universal design appeared in 1940; this would be the most widely produced of the Carriers. It differed from the previous models in having a rectangular body shape in rear section, with more space for crew.
Production
Production of these combat vehicles began in 1934 and it ended in 1960.[1] Before the Universal design was introduced, production was by Aveling and Porter, Bedford Vehicles, the British branch of the Ford Motor Company, the Morris Motor Company, the Sentinel Waggon Works, and the Thornycroft company.
The Universal was produced in Great Britain by Aveling-Barford, Ford, Sentinel, Thornycroft, and Wolseley Motors. By 1945 production amounted to approximately 57,000 of all models, including some 2,400 early ones.
The Ford Motor Company of Canada manufactured about 29,000 of the Universal Carriers. Smaller numbers of them were also produced in Australia (about 5,000) and New Zealand (about 1,300).
Operational history
Universal Carriers were issued to infantry units for carrying support weapons (initially 10,[4] 21 by 1941,[5] and up to 33 per battalion by 1943[6]). Artillery units used them as an artillery tractor (US: "prime mover") for the Ordnance QF 6 pounder anti-tank gun.
Variants
- Mk. I
- The original model.
- Mk. II
- Equipped with a towing hitch.
- Wasp
- A flamethrower-equipped variant, using the "Flame-thrower, Transportable, No 2". The Mark I had a fixed flamethrower, Mk II had the projector in the co-driver's position. Both had the fuel tank within the rear compartment. The MkIIC (C for Canadian) moved the fuel tank to the rear of the vehicle.
- LP1 Carrier (Aust)
- Australian built version of the British Bren Gun Carrier.
- LP2 Carrier (Aust)
- Australian built variant of the Universal Carrier. Also produced in New Zealand.
- 2 Pounder Anti-tank Gun Carrier (Aust)
- The Carrier, Anti-tank, 2-pdr, (Aust) or Carrier, Tank Attack, 2-pdr (Aust) was a heavily modified and lengthened LP2 carrier with a fully traversable QF 2 pounder anti-tank gun mounted on a platform at the rear and the engine moved to the front left of the vehicle. Stowage was provided for 112 rounds of 2pdr ammunition. 200 were produced and used for training.[7]
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- 3 inch Mortar Carrier (Aust)
- The Carrier, 3-inch Mortar (Aust) was a design based on the 2 Pounder Carrier with a 3-inch mortar mounted in place of the 2 pounder. Designed to enable the mortar to have 360 degree traverse and to be fired either from the vehicle, or dismounted. 400 were produced and were ultimately sent as military aid to the Nationalist Chinese Army.[7]
- T-16
- The Carrier, Universal, T16, Mark I. was a significantly improved vehicle based upon those built by Ford of Canada, manufactured under Lend Lease by Ford in the United States from March 1943 to 1945. It was chiefly used by Canadian forces during the war as an artillery tractor. After the war, it was used by Swiss and Netherlands forces. It was longer than the Universal with an extra road wheel on the rear bogie, the engine was a Ford Mercury delivering the same power. Instead of the steering wheel controlling the combination brake/warp mechanism, the T-16 had track brake steering operated by levers (2 for each side).
- Fahrgestell Bren (e)
- A captured carrier of 1940, reused by the Germans with a 3.7 cm PaK 36 gun.
- Panzerjäger Bren 731(e)
- Bren carriers captured by the Germans and fitted with a triple Panzerschreck mount, probably the first armoured vehicle to be fitted with anti-tank rockets.[8]
- Praying Mantis
- An experimental vehicle - the hull was replaced with an enclosed metal box structure with enough room for a driver and a gunner laying prone. This box, pivoting from the rear, could be elevated. At the top end was a machine gun turret (with two Bren guns). Invented for fighting in hedgerows, the idea was to drive the Mantis up to a wall, elevate the gun, and fire over it into the fields from safety. A Mantis survives in the Bovington Tank Museum
- CATI 90
- A Belgian SPG development, in use from 1954 to 1962. The vehicle was called "Canon antitank d'infanterie automoteur 90mm" and served in infantry units with a paired ammunition carrier.[9]
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 McNab, p. 142.
- ↑ Fletcher & Bryan, p. 3
- ↑ "Britain's Bren Gun Carrier". WWIIvehicles.com. 1940-05-10. http://www.wwiivehicles.com/unitedkingdom/carriers.asp. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- ↑ An Infantry (Rifle) Battalion, ref II/1931/12B/3, notified in Army Council Instructions 6th April 1938
- ↑ An Infantry Battalion (Higher Establishment), ref II/1931/12F/2, notified in Army Council Instructions 4th June 1941.
- ↑ An Infantry Battalion, ref II/233/2, notified in Army Council Instructions 19th May 1943, effective date 30th April 1943.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cecil
- ↑ WW II German Infantry Anti-Tank Weapons: Page 3: Panzerschreck
- ↑ The Overvalwagen Forum dedicated to research on lesser known military equipment of smaller or non-belligerent nations (accessed 26th May 2008)
References
- Bishop, Chris (2002). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 1,500 Weapons Systems, Including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships and Submarines. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 1586637622.
- Cecil, Michael K. (1992). Australian Military Equipment Profiles, vol 2, Local Pattern Carriers 1939 to 1945. Australian Military Equipment Profiles. ISBN 0-646-12600-8.
- Chamberlain, Peter; Ellis, Chris (2001). British and American Tanks of World War Two: The complete illustrated history of British, American, and Commonwealth tanks 1933-1945. Cassell & Company. ISBN 0711028982.
- Fletcher, David (1989). The Great Tank Scandal: British Armour in the Second World War Part 1. Her Majesty's Stationary Office. ISBN 0112904602.
- Fletcher, David; Bryan, Tony (2005). Universal Carrier 1936-48: The 'Bren Gun Carrier' Story. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781841768137.
- Harris, J.P. (1995). Men, Ideas, and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903-1939. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719048142.
- McNab, Chris (2003). Military Vehicles: 300 of the World's Most Effective Militart Vehicles. Grange Books. ISBN 1840135395.
- Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576079953.
Gallery
 Wasp in the Canadian War Museum |
.jpg) An Australian 2 pounder anti-tank gun carrier (AWM 134672) |
 A captured and modified carrier, reused by the Indonesian nationalists during the fighting in Surabaya (Soerabaja) Java. |
 Universal Carrier brings in a batch of German prisoners |
External links
- Universal Carrier production and technical data
- mapleleafup.org "The Ford Universal Carrier"
- diggerhistory.info "Bren Carrier"
- Britain's Carriers at wwiivehicles.com
- Eighth Army Bren Gun carrier in the Middle East, 1941 (photo)
- Bren Gun carrier with German Machine Gun in Gazala, Middle East, 1941 (photo)
- Assembling Bren Gun carriers in New Zealand (photo)
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| British armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II |
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